Cookie Consent by FreePrivacyPolicy.com
Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Special Issue Articles

Vol. 4 No. 2 (2023): Digital America

Working-Class Labor in Postapocalyptic America: Affect, Politics, and the 'Forgotten Man' in Death Stranding

Submitted
July 22, 2022
Published
2023-06-30

Abstract

This article examines Hideo Kojima's 2019 Death Stranding as a postapocalyptic video game intent on evoking a particular kind of "Americanness." I analyze the game for its textual and cultural politics, arguing that it reconstructs a vision of the United States that is not just built on older myths like that of westward expansion and rugged individualism but that also evokes a more contemporary trope of the "forgotten man." In my reading, Death Stranding champions not just any person as the potential savior of America but it specifically marks its protagonist as a white working-class male, suggesting that this is the kind of person—and the kind of labor that he allegedly performs best—needed to bring the US back together. I trace this argument by examining how the game's visuals, narrative, and gameplay intersect in depicting a postapocalyptic America that evokes the western genre, in affectively guiding its players to feel for the game's protagonist as a "forgotten man," and in how the gameplay's embrace of working-class labor leads to a ludo-affective dissonance that complicates Death Stranding's political project.

References

  1. Ahmed, Sara. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. New York: Routledge, 2013.
  2. Ashcraft, Brian. "Death Stranding Makes More Sense Now Than Ever." Kotaku Australia. March 16, 2020. https://www.kotaku.com.au/2020/03/death-stranding-makes-more-sense-now-than-ever/
  3. Attfield, Sarah. Class on Screen: The Global Working Class in Contemporary Cinema. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
  4. Cawelti, John G. The Six-Gun Mystique Sequel. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1999.
  5. Cooper, Lydia R. Masculinities in Literature of the American West. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  6. Death Stranding. Developed by Kojima Productions. San Mateo: Sony Interactive Entertainment, 2019.
  7. Frushtick, Russ. "Death Stranding Review: Hideo Kojima Tries to Make Fetch Happen." Polygon. November 1, 2019. https://www.polygon.com/reviews/2019/11/1/20942070/death-stranding-review-hideo-kojima-ps4
  8. "Full Text: 2017 Donald Trump Inauguration Speech Transcript." Politico. Accessed July 21, 2022. https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/full-text-donald-trump-inauguration-speech-transcript-233907
  9. Greene, Jay. "Amazon's Employee Surveillance Fuels Unionization Efforts: 'It's Not Prison, It's Work'." Washington Post. December 2, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/12/02/amazon-workplace-monitoring-unions/
  10. Halberstam, Jack. "White Men Behaving Sadly." In Unwatchable, edited by Nicholas Baer, Maggie Hennefeld, Laura Horak, and Gunnar Iversen, 274-79. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2019.
  11. Hocking, Clint. "Ludonarrative Dissonance in Bioshock: The Problem of What the Game Is About." In Well Played 1.0: Video Games, Value and Meaning, edited by Drew Davidson, 255-62. Pittsburgh: ETC Press, 2009.
  12. House, Ryan. "Likers Get Liked: Platform Capitalism and the Precariat in Death Stranding." gamevironments, no. 13 (2020): 290-316. https://doi.org/10.26092/elib/408
  13. King, Jade. "Two Years Later, Death Stranding Is Still A Misunderstood Masterpiece." TheGamer. November 8, 2021. https://www.thegamer.com/death-stranding-anniversary-misunderstood-masterpiece/
  14. Lauter, Paul, and Ann Fitzgerald. "Introduction." In Literature, Class, and Culture: An Anthology, edited by Paul Lauter and Ann Fitzgerald, 1-13. Harlow: Longman, 2001.
  15. Levine, Caroline. Forms: Whole, Rhythm, Hierarchy, Network. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017.
  16. Martens, Todd. "From My Coronavirus Quarantine, a Love Letter to Video Games." Los Angeles Times. March 26, 2020. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-03-26/love-letter-to-video-games-in-a-time-of-coronavirus
  17. McNaughton, Jon. "Patriotic - Americana - The Forgotten Man - McNaughton Fine Art." Accessed July 21, 2022. https://jonmcnaughton.com/patriotic/the-forgotten-man/
  18. Meyer-Lorey, Robin. "Death Stranding: Is It Really a New Genre?" Game Rant. November 24, 2019. https://gamerant.com/death-stranding-genre-new/
  19. Murray, Soraya. "America Is Dead. Long Live America! Political Affect in Days Gone." European Journal of American Studies 16, no. 3 (2021). https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas.17409
  20. Pérez-Latorre, Óliver. "Post-Apocalyptic Games, Heroism and the Great Recession." Game Studies 19, no. 3 (2019). http://gamestudies.org/1903/articles/perezlatorre
  21. Podnieks, Elizabeth. "Introduction: Pops in Pop Context." In Pops in Pop Culture: Fatherhood, Masculinity, and the New Man, edited by Elizabeth Podnieks, 1-27. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  22. Powers, Korine. "Playing Pregnant in Death Stranding." Electronic Literature Organization Conference 2020. July 3, 2020. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/elo2020/asynchronous/talks/19
  23. Richards, David. "Hideo Kojima: The Making of a Video Game Auteur." GamesIndustry.biz. November 19, 2021. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-11-19-hideo-kojima-the-making-of-a-video-game-auteur
  24. Robinson, Sally. Marked Men: White Masculinity in Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.
  25. Sainato, Michael. "14-Hour Days and No Bathroom Breaks: Amazon's Overworked Delivery Drivers." The Guardian. March 11, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/mar/11/amazon-delivery-drivers-bathroom-breaks-unions
  26. Schubert, Stefan. "Playing as/against Violent Women: Imagining Gender in the Postapocalyptic Landscape of The Last of Us Part II." Gender Forum, no. 80 (2021). http://genderforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Issue80_Schubert_ViolentWomenTheLastofUs.pdf
  27. Schubert, Stefan. Narrative Instability: Destabilizing Identities, Realities, and Textualities in Contemporary American Popular Culture. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, 2019.
  28. Shlaes, Amity. The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression. New York: Harper Collins, 2009.
  29. Stanton, Rich. "Death Stranding Hits Even Harder in Lockdown's Aftermath." PC Gamer. April 13, 2022. https://www.pcgamer.com/death-stranding-hits-even-harder-in-lockdowns-aftermath/
  30. Zweig, Michael. The Working Class Majority: America’s Best Kept Secret. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011.

Similar Articles

21-30 of 108

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.